Introduction:
Modern society finds itself struggling between the promises of progress and the growing sense of meaninglessness. This post explores how modernity and nihilism each view religion’s role, how major thinkers like Nietzsche, Madison, and Jefferson understood the risks, and why the diminished role of religion presents a serious challenge to society today.
Modernity vs Nihilism
Modernity rests on the idea that through science, reason, and innovation, human life can continually improve. It holds that truth is discoverable, human progress is attainable, and the structures we build—governments, educational systems, economies—can lead us toward a better future. Modernity is fundamentally hopeful and forward-looking, even when it acknowledges the dangers of change.
Nihilism, by contrast, emerges when faith in these ideas collapses. Nihilism claims there is no inherent meaning, purpose, or truth in life. It rejects the optimism of modernity and views human efforts as ultimately futile. Institutions, from governments to religions, are seen not as vehicles for improvement but as hollow structures that mask the void at the heart of existence. Nihilism replaces ambition with emptiness and sees hope itself as an illusion.
In summary, where modernity says, “We can figure it out,” nihilism answers, “There is nothing to figure out.” Both, however, push traditional religion aside, either believing it obsolete (modernity) or meaningless (nihilism).
Religion’s Essential Role in Society
Despite the promises of modernity and the bleak realism of nihilism, many thinkers recognized that religion performs functions no other institution can easily replace. Religion does not merely offer metaphysical claims about the universe; it also shapes internal moral discipline, offers a shared sense of meaning, and binds individuals into communities through common rituals and beliefs. Religion provides an internal compass that helps people govern themselves, reducing the need for external coercion by the state.
Alexis de Tocqueville observed that democracy without moral restraint degenerates into “soft despotism,” where citizens become passive and overly dependent on the government. Lord Acton warned that without a religious foundation for morality, power itself would corrupt absolutely, because no higher law would exist to limit ambition. Edmund Burke argued that traditions, including religious ones, provide social stability and continuity; without them, society risks descending into chaos and tyranny.
Russell Kirk emphasized that religious belief is the bedrock of true conservatism, for without religious roots, liberty dissolves into selfishness and ultimately demands for more government control. Christopher Dawson asserted that every successful civilization has been religious at its core; when the religious impulse wanes, civilizations lose cohesion and meaning. René Guénon, more radically, argued that modernity has severed man from the transcendent order of reality, inevitably leading to societal collapse unless humanity reconnects with spiritual truths.
Nietzsche, Madison, and Jefferson on Religion, Morality, and the State
Friedrich Nietzsche
Nietzsche foresaw the consequences of the “death of God” in Western society. Without religious belief, he argued, traditional moral systems would collapse. This vacuum would not remain empty for long; rather, it would invite the state to expand unnaturally, seeking to impose artificial order and meaning. Nietzsche despised this outcome, warning that the state would become a “cold monster” that enslaves rather than liberates. His ideal was the creation of new, self-chosen values by extraordinary individuals, but he was deeply pessimistic about the masses’ ability to avoid herd morality and state domination.
James Madison
James Madison, writing in the Federalist Papers, understood that government power always seeks to expand unless checked by the virtue of the people. He argued that only a moral and religious citizenry could sustain a free government. If people lacked internal discipline and conscience, the government would have no choice but to grow and enforce morality through laws and bureaucracy, necessarily shrinking liberty. Madison famously stated, “If men were angels, no government would be necessary,” capturing the tension between human nature and the need for both internal and external checks.
Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson believed that human rights are not government grants but inherent gifts from the Creator. For liberty to survive, citizens must recognize a moral authority higher than the state. While Jefferson advocated for the separation of church and state to protect religion from political corruption, he never saw religion as irrelevant. Quite the opposite: he feared that without widespread belief in a higher moral law, citizens would come to see rights as political favors, easily revoked by future rulers. This would spell the end of true liberty and the beginning of tyranny.
Conclusion: Why This Matters Today
The diminished role of religion in society is both a cause and an effect of modern disintegration. It is more than a historical curiosity—it is a fundamental danger. Religion provides the moral and spiritual soil in which liberty grows. When that soil is depleted, the result is inevitable: governments expand, freedom contracts, and societies lose their sense of meaning and cohesion.
In healthy societies, morality arises internally, from conscience shaped by tradition and faith. In unhealthy societies, morality is enforced externally, by an ever-growing, intrusive state. History shows again and again that when religion fades, government does not remain neutral; it grows into the void, demanding obedience where once there was personal responsibility.
The task before us is not simply to “tolerate” religion, but to recognize its irreplaceable role in preserving the possibility of a free, meaningful, and humane society. Liberty cannot survive indefinitely in a moral vacuum. We must either renew our commitment to transcendent values—or watch as freedom disappears beneath the cold shadow of the expanding state.